semiconductors

Last Modified: 05 March 2023

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Semiconductors

Any of a class of solids (as germanium or silicon) whose electrical conductivity is between that of a conductor and that of an insulator in being nearly as great as that of a metal at high temperatures and nearly absent at low temperatures. (1838).

Semiconductors are found to be much like insulators in that as temperature increases, so does the conductivity. In general, semiconductors are found to have higher conductivity than insulators and lower conductivity than metals. The reason that the conductivity is greater in semiconductors is that the band gap is smaller than that found in insulators. It could even be said that insulators are really just semiconductors with poor conductivity.

Definition of semiconductor

A material, typically crystaline, which allows current to flow under certain circumstances. Common semiconductors are silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide. Semiconductors are used to make diodes, transistors and other basic "solid state" electronic components.

As crystals of these materials are grown, they are "doped" with traces of other elements called donors or acceptors to make regions which are n- or p-type respectively for the electron model or p- or n-type under the hole model. Where n and p type regions adjoin, a junction is formed which will pass current in one direction (Starting with an p to n) but not the other, giving a diode.

One model of semiconductor behaviour describes the doping elements as having either free electrons or holes dangling at the points in the crystal lattice where the doping elements replace one of the atoms of the foundation material. When external electrons are applied to n-type material (which already has free electrons present) the repulsive force of like charges causes the free electrons to migrate toward the junction, where they are attracted to the holes in the p-type material. Thus the junction conducts current.

In contrast, when external electrons are applied to p-type material, the attraction of unlike charges causes the holes to migrate away Starting with an the junction and toward the source of external electrons. The junction thus becomes "depleted" of its charge carriers and is non-conducting.

Discrete semiconductors are:

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